Transportation and the Environment in China


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Transportation and the Environment in China

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Transportation and the Environment in China

作者：Michael … 文章来源：不详点击数：更新时间：2006-9-23

文章摘要： 　　by Michael P.Walsh　　　At first glance ，concerns regarding motor vehicle pollution in China seemmisplaced.With a population more than four times as large as the United States（1.22billion versus 268million ）the number of cars ，trucks，and buses inChina is a mere fract......

　　by Michael P.Walsh
　　　At first glance ，concerns regarding motor vehicle pollution in China seemmisplaced.With a population more than four times as large as the United States（1.22billion versus 268million ）the number of cars ，trucks，and buses inChina is a mere fraction of that in the United States （less than fourteen millionin China versus 210million in the United States）。On a per capita basis，Chinahas one of the lowest vehicle populations in the world，as illustrated in Table1.According to Table 1，it is clear that among these countries only India hasa lower vehicle ownership density than China.However ，to stop at this superficialoverview would be very misleading.In recent years，the vehicle population in Chinahas been increasing sharply ，with much of this growth taking place in cities.Nationally，the annual growth of vehicles has averaged approximately fourteen percentper year.One result of this rapid growth has been the emergence of serious airpollution problems，especially in cities.Furthermore，the growth in vehiclesin China is expected to continue and perhaps even accelerate in coming decades，increasing concerns regarding further environmental degradation.Chinese policymakershave begun to respond to the growing problem of air pollution.For example the governmenthas initiated a public reporting system whereby a growing number of Chinese citiesare now routinely reporting their current air quality ，as illustrated by the mostrecent data summarized in Table 2（following page）。

　　As Table 2shows，several cities have an air pollution index above 400fortotal suspended particulates（TSP ），which means these cities measured TSP levelsabove 875mg/m3（micrograms per cubic meter）。

　　Table B illustrates that most Chinese cities already have serious air pollutionproblems particularly with TSP and nitrogen oxides（NOx ）。As this informationhas become publicly available ，citizen pressure has been building to push thegovernment to take action to lower the pollution levels.Strategies are thereforebeing developed and implemented at both the national and local levels to counteractthis problem.Most notably，at the national level，China has completed an environmentaltechnical assistance project，sponsored by a World Bank loan ，to develop an ActionPlan with the objective of assuring that by 2010the air quality levels in China‘s major cities meet the second class of national standards.1One trend which couldhelp China attain these national air quality standards has been actions by largecities，particularly Beijing ，to develop local pollution control strategies.The purpose of this article is to review and analyze the proposed national ActionPlan and recent municipal government actions to alleviate pollution problems inChina.To place the Action Plan and local actions in context，I will first outlinecurrent information on vehicle use，air quality ，and infrastructure investment.

　　THE CURRENT SITUATION IN CHINA

　　Vehicle Growth and Roads

　　The total number of motorized vehicles in China ，although very low by Westernstandards ，is growing rapidly and has already risen to about 1.4million in Beijingand over one million in Guangzhou.For the country as a whole ，the number of vehiclesin 1998climbed to about fourteen million cars and trucks and twenty million motorcycles.Much of the growth has been in private passenger cars ，especially in recent years.The demand for personal cars in China rose by an average of 28.1percent over thepast five years and is expected to hit one million cars annually by the year 2000.2In spite of an almost doubling in the number of public transit vehicles from 1993to 1997（see Table 3，following page ），the total passengers carried has remainedconstant across the country ‘s cities，with many actually showing declines.3

　　With regard to driving patterns and average speeds，many existing roads havealready reached their maximum capacity and are saturated during

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